“Of Mice and Men” By John Steinbeck †Coursework Essay

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† was set in the 1930’s in North California. This was a time of economic hardship due to the Wall Street Crash. Men were forced to leave their families and find work on ranches. Pay and working conditions were poor. Men scraped by, spending any extra money they had gambling or in one of the many whore houses. This is where Steinbeck drew his inspiration from; he spent time on the ranches experiencing the hardships experienced by the workers. The book is about these workers and the extremely lonely lives they led. It also exposes underlying themes of racism and how badly the disabled were treated. This was a time when people looked after number one, as there was nobody else to do this for them. The two main characters are somewhat different, as they travel and work together, looking out for each other. This was very unusual because life would have been hard enough without the extra responsibility of looking after another person. The two main characters have just been evicted from their work in a town called â€Å"Soledad† (which means loneliness). They are the only people in the book whose names Christian names are actually used. It shows that nobody makes the effort to make friends enough to be on first name terms. This is symbolic of the loneliness of each of the characters and shows how unusual the two main characters are. The two main characters are called George ands Lennie. There is very little information about them in the book. They work for their keep on the ranches. Lennie is slightly brain damaged and has a very limited memory. He is an enormous man and Steinbeck often compares his actions with those of a large, clumsy animal using similes and metaphors: â€Å"Dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws.† These are intended to subtly give the reader the impression that Lennie is big and clumsy, like an animal that does not know its own strength; â€Å"Lennie dabbled his big paw in the water.† George is exactly the opposite of Lennie. He is small, dark and quick, and is cautious about his surroundings; â€Å"The small man stepped nervously†¦Ã¢â‚¬  George is always on the look out and he knows how to look after himself. The town they had just come from was called â€Å"Weed† which could signify that they were unwanted, like a weed, there: they were forced out of there because Lennie made a mistake. He had grabbed a woman and she said that he had raped her. George is very much the dominant figure in the relationship and makes all the decisions. At the very start you can tell this because Lennie copies George in the way he looks and acts; â€Å"Lennie, who had been watching imitated George exactly.† This suggests that Lennie looks up to George and wants to be j ust like him. This is quite sad really as he has ended up nothing like him. Lennie hates to make George angry, like a dog that hates to make his master angry. George feels responsible for Lennie. He is like a father figure to him, and he knows that Lennie would never be able to survive without him. He feels a sense of duty because â€Å"Aunt Clara† told him to look after Lennie. The other reason they travel together is George, though he doesn’t like to admit it, enjoys Lennie’s company and he doesn’t want to let go of the â€Å"American Dream†. They share the dream of owning their own place with a few animals; â€Å"livin’ off the fatta’ the lan'†. George knows it is very unlikely to happen but Lennie still believes and always likes to hear the story of â€Å"how it’s gonna be†. This is painful for George and he is reluctant to talk about it. You can tell it is important to Lennie because he forgets anything he is told but he re members the dream. George and Lennie are always dreaming of the future. When George and Lennie arrive on the ranch, the ranch hands and the boss are suspicious of their relationship. They suspect that George is taking Lennie’s stake for himself; â€Å"I said what stake you got in this guy? You takin’ his pay away from him?† They cannot see why someone else would travel with someone who would restrict them unless they were getting paid. They are lonelier than George and Lennie, and have no real concept of friendship. Despite having Lennie as a companion, George is also lonely. He is alone in his responsibility for Lennie. In a way it is more like speaking to an animal than a human when speaking to Lennie because George knows that whatever he says to him will be forgotten and mean nothing. From the very beginning we get a hint of this by the way Lennie is made to seem more like a responsibility than a friend to George. Lennie is made to seen like an animal, â€Å"like a terrier that doesn’t want to bring his ball back to his master†, maybe signifying that he is like a pet that always needs looking after. Steinbeck also uses George playing solitaire as a metaphor for his loneliness; â€Å"George cut the cards again and put out a solitaire lay, slowly and deliberately.† George lays the cards out like he has done it many time’ before. Solitaire is a single player game (and solitaire is derived from solitary), this shows that Lennie is not capable of acting like an adult and so George must play on his own. George is held from having his own life by the responsibility of caring for Lennie. He continuously tells Lennie how life would be without him; how he could have a girl and a decent job: â€Å"God a’mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy† The truth though, is that George would be even lonely without Lennie. It is ironic at the end of the book that George should be so upset by the death of Lennie, because then he realizes that he will have to spend all the rest if his time alone. You never know what you have until it is gone. One of the ranch workers, Candy, features heavily in the book. He tries to join the friendship of George and Lennie. Candy is extremely lonely. He has been working on the ranch for many years and due to his disability. He is unable to leave because he knows that no other employer would take him on. The only reason he has got work now, is that he suffered the injury to his hand on the ranch. He has seen many men come and go but he cannot move on. Candy knows he will probably die on the ranch. Candy is very talkative because he is so eager to make friends. He warms to this gossip because he on his own when all the workers are in the fields. As soon as he meets George and Lennie he engages them in conversation, hardly letting them speak. He lets out all the opinions, about Curley and his wife and the other ranch hands that he has formed and never had anybody to tell them to. In fact the only sort of a friend he has is an old dog. The dog is old, has no teeth and it stinks. The dog is used to symbolise Candy: old and useless. The dog is also used as a foreshadowing device for Lennie’s death. When Carlson tells him that he should kill the dog he tries to stop him by making up excuses: â€Å"Maybe it’d hurt him,† and tries to put the inevitable off; wants to spend just one more day with the dog by killing it in the morning. The only reason Candy had left to live was the dog so in a way Carlson killed a part of him. The dog is also used as a second foreshadowing device for what George has to do to Lennie in the conclusion of the book. Lennie, unlike the dog, however will be killed by the only person he trusts in the world. This will come from the pressure of other people. In the early 20th Century, blacks were heavily persecuted because of their colour. The stable buck is called Crooks and is discriminated because he is a black; â€Å"S’pose you couldn’t go into the bunkhouse and place rummy ’cause you were blackà ¢â‚¬ . He is kept apart from the other ranch hands because of his race. He is very nervous when Lennie enters his room. This is because crooks has his own living space away from the other men. The only people he sees are probably going to insult or hurt him so he is immediately on guard when someone comes in to his room. He is also discriminated against because of his crippled back, which means that he can’t work in the fields like the other men. Crooks reveals his past to Lennie in his barn. The irony that his father used to own his own ranch and once he used to lead a comfortable life must be extremely painful for him to relive when he thinks about his present lonely self. That is probably why he is so bitter towards the other men who are treating him so harshly. Crooks is always dreaming of the past; â€Å"Remember when I was a little kid on old man’s chicken ranch.† The other men would probably dream of having their own space but Crooks is so lonely he would rather be with other people; â€Å"A guy needs somebody to be near him.† All Crooks has for company is a small collection of books that he reads over and over again. It must be very lonely being on your own all the time when he thinks about what it had been like when he owned his own ranch. Sometimes he almost goes crazy with loneliness; â€Å"Maybe if he sees somethin’, he don’t know whether it’s right or not. He can’t turn to the other guy and ast him if he sees it too,† He is only admitting this because he knows that Lennie is not listening, and even if he was, he couldn’t remember and repeat what was being said anyway. Crooks is proud and doesn’t want to admit that he is lonely or that the men are getting to him by calling him names and abusing him, â€Å"If I say something, why it’s just a nigger saying it.† When someone calls somebody something enough times a person will start to absorb the names and start to believe that there is some truth to what the person is saying about them. Crooks is treated like an animal. One Christmas time they â€Å"let† him into the bunkhouse and made him fight. The word â€Å"let† is used like letting an animal in for a treat. He then leaves after his fight, for his own room. The men just use him as entertainment. His life is always under threat because he means nothing them. Curley’s wife plays a very prominent role in the book as she brings the death of Lennie and herself. She is not given a name through the whole book. This signifies how little everyone thinks of her. She is referred to as â€Å"jail bait† and â€Å"slut† by all the ranch hands. This is due to the manner she has adopted to befriend the men. She constantly flirts with any man she meets and being pretty at the same time, she is bound to get herself into some sort of trouble. She acts like this because she is lonely and it is her way of attracting attention to herself. The problem is that all the workers are afraid to talk to her because they fear what Curley would do to them if they did. Curley is always looking for a fight to show how much of man he is. If he got just the faint scent of her cheating on him he would fight. Nobody want to get on the wrong side of Curley because they know he is a good boxer and because he is the boss’s son he can probably get anyone â€Å"canned† if he wants, In reality, Curley’s wife doesn’t actually like Curley and even admits to Lennie: â€Å"I don’t like Curley.† She married him to show her mother that she could be independent and to get back at her for the letter that could have been her big break that she thinks her mother stole. Curley’s wife is dreaming of what could have been, how she could have been in the movies and what a lifestyle she could have had. The marriage between Curley and Curley’s wife is not based on love but on sexual attraction Curley’s wife is also very lonely, that is why she is always skulking around the bunkhouse with the men. She needs someone to talk to; She uses the excuse that she is looking for her husband. In the end her loneliness is the end of her when she tries to talk to Lennie (much the same way as Crooks let out his thoughts to him). The climax of the book starts in the barn. The scene begins with Lennie worrying about his puppy which he has just killed accidentally. Curley’s wife enters, as usual looking for someone to talk to. She begins telling Lennie her life story. All through the book she has been portrayed as a spiteful woman; â€Å"foolin’ around with other guys, causin’ trouble.†, but here her true character comes out. Lennie ends up telling her about his love for soft things so she lets him stroke her hair. The other men can resist her charms but Lennie is not clever enough to know. Lennie strokes it a bit too vigorously and her panic affects Lennie. He breaks her neck by accident, then thinks that if he hides the puppy, which is used as a foreshadowing device to Curley’s wife’s death George will be more likely to let him tend his precious rabbits. This is sad and ironic, as Lennie cannot grasp the enormity of the thing he has just done. Curley’s wife seemed peaceful after her death; â€Å"the ache for attention were gone from her face.† She was realised from her prison on the ranch and was now free and happy. When George hears, he despairs, for Lennie has ended their chance of achieving the impossible â€Å"American Dream†. One of the themes of this book is certainly loneliness. The people are segregated into groups. Age, disabilities, race and sex separate many people. Also the time of economic hardship forced men to look after number one. It made it very hard for the men to form friendships as they have very few responsibilities. The book is about the unusual friendship of George and Lennie who have nothing in common with each other apart from they share the American Dream. That is all that keeps them going. It is extremely sad when George is forced to kill Lennie because he was all that George had left. It was ironic because George had always spoken about what life would be like without Lennie; how he could be free. Now he had his wish he was devastated that he had had to kill the only friend that he had in the world.

Influence of Management Style on Creative Firms

Contents Contents2 Introduction3 Section One4 Management styles in creative firms4 Section Two6 Benefits and reasons of having a suitable management style6 Section Three8 Alternatives and comparisons8 Conclusion10 Reference Page11 Introduction By the definition from the book written by Howkins (2001), creative economy includes advertising, architecture, art, crafts, design, fashion, film, music, performing art, publishing, research and development, software, toys and games, television and radio, and video games.Nowadays, creative industries have become an important economic role in many developed countries, for example, America, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and Hong Kong. Take United Kingdom as an example, department for culture, media and sport (DCMS, 2010, p. 6-8) states that the creative industries contributed 5. 6% to Gross Value Added (GVA) in 2008, excluding Crafts. In addition, DCMS also lists that creative industries provided 2. million jobs in the summer quarter of 2010 in Great Britain. Last but not least, creative industries exported 17. 3 billion services in 2008. Based on the statistics above, it shows that creative industries have a great contribution in British economy. Since creative industries are becoming more and more critical in a mature economy, it is fascinating to figure out what essential factors can lead creative firms to be successful.As a result, I decided to evaluate the factors that influence the management style for a creative firm since I am interested in business management and it would benefit my future studies in university This essay is mainly concentrated on the management style using in creative industries, the benefits of the management styles, and evaluating the connection between the successes and particular management style. This essay is divided into three sections. Firstly, the management tyles using in creative industries will be stated and discussed, the aim of this section is to find out the management styles in mo dern economy and hence, can be studied deeply in the section two. In section two, the benefits and the reasons of using a particular management style in the creative industries will be evaluated. The idea of this section is to work out the influence of management style on creative firms. Finally, in section three, alternatives of management styles and comparisons will be commented. In this section, different management styles can be compared; therefore the pros and cons can be accounted.Section One Management styles in creative firms In order to analyze the role of management in a creative firm, I am going to provide several management styles in some famous creative firms. By understanding the intermediates of the management styles, the importance of management for a creative firm can be figured out. In addition, we are going to go through some successful creative firms in the world for evaluating the elements of their successes, and try to make a connection between the achievements and the critical management styles.Media is the first example I am going to discuss. Howkins (2001) mentions that, media belong to the sort of creative economy. So the management style using in a media company does reflect the function of management style in creative firms. Bilton (2007, pp. 67-69) states that in 2000, there was a huge change of management style at the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Before the succession attempted by Greg Dyke, there was a straight management style in the BBC by the pervious director general, John Birt.Bilton (2007) claims the management of Birt as old fashion since the structure in the BBC was a tall organization structure before 2000, which means that the management structure within the BBC was a tall hierarchy. Decision-making was from the top of the board of directors down to the employees. In addition, Bilton states that there was a â€Å"strategic centralization† inside the BBC. It means the board of directors had the absolute power in the BBC. Based on the example provided by Bilton, it is not difficult to see that the management style in the BBC was autocratic management.After the succession, Greg became the director general and there was a huge change in management style at the BBC. Bilton claims that as a new management style for the BBC. Describing by Bilton, Greg was a program-maker and the first thing he did after his arrival was making the BBC a more inspired and interesting place to work. All the employees were encouraged to give new ideas for perfecting the BBC. Under the entirely new management style, the employees were more willing to contribute their ideas to the senior managers.Bilton comments the Greg’s management style brought the BBC a new working culture and made the BBC â€Å"the most creative origination† in the world. Another example I am going to give is a software firm, Google. Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google Company in 1998. It has become one of the most su ccessful software companies in the world by having more than 25,000 employees and valued at more than 150 billion US dollars (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2009, p. 3). Jackson, Schuler and Werner mention in their book that the management style, especially human resource management, appears as a critical factor in the success of Google.They show that the managers in Google highly respect the employees and provide as much as they could to the employees in order to stimulate their creativities. One of the evidence is that there is only five percent voluntary turnover rate of Google employees per year (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2009); also, Google was the top five in the ranking of â€Å"the top 100 best companies to work for† in 2011 (CNN, 2011). Last but not least, Jackson, Schuler and Werner state that there are more than 1 million people apply to work at Google every year.All of the above show that the employees in Google have a great satisfaction. Jackson, Schuler and Wer ner show the importance of human resource management in Google. For example, they suggest that treating the employees as same as the company wants the employees to treat their customers is the philosophy of Google. They also claim that there is a strong connection between the business strategy and managing human resource in Google. By the examples provided above, it is not difficult to find that the management styles applied in creative industries have a direct impact on the performances of the companies.As a result, having an appropriate management style in a creative firm is a critical factor for leading the company to be successful. Section Two Benefits and reasons of having a suitable management style It is obvious that a suitable management style is a critical factor for leading a creative firm to be successful. In this section, the benefits of having an appropriate management style and the reasons of applying a particular management style will be discussed. Based on the exampl es given in the last section, the management styles applying in creative firms can be concluded as democratic and even Laissez-faire.Since the employees in the BBC and Google are both highly respected; in addition, the senior managers currently accept their opinions and ideas (Bilton, 2001; Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2009). Therefore, the management styles in creative firms should be based on the satisfaction of employees because the creativities and ideas are the most valuable resource in creative economy; Florida (2002, p. xiii) has a similar idea that the creativity from human is the critical supply to the creative economy. Bamfield (2006, pp. 52-154) suggests that the function of management in creative firms is to stimulate the creativities and encourage employees to generate new ideas. Since creativity is a force for making a creative firm to be successful, therefore Bamfield also claims that the managers should provide a full support to employees in order to fulfill their sa tisfactions. Jackson, Schuler and Werner (2009) also support the similar idea, which the founders of Google concentrated on giving the employees everything they needed to create and innovate.Foote (2001) emphasize in his book that it is important to keep employees in an informal, open and friendly working environment. This can stimulate their creativity and ideas development. And he states that the manager cannot be too emotional with the employees, otherwise, it might affect the decision-making. Therefore, we can conclude that employees-based management style can have a positive impact on stimulating creativities, encouraging contributions, and generating new ideas and innovations. At the same time, the manager cannot be too emotional, which might lead to wrong decision-making.Comparing with the old-fashion management style, tall hierarchy, power centralization, and limits of decision making from subordinates, the new-management style (freedom, good communication between workers an d managers) is more suitable in a creative industry. Davila, Epstein and Shelton (2007) show that the successful development of younger electrical firms after World War 2 in Britain was benefited by used a more open mind management style and stimulated the innovations. On the other hand, older firms could not be successful because the old fashion of management style.This is because the old-fashion management style inhibits the innovative development. To conclude, an old-fashion management style (autocratic) is not suitable for creative economy because not only it contributes nothing to creations and innovations, but also worse it restrains the expansions of new ideas. Thus, a creative industry is hardly successful with an old-fashion management style. Last but not least, the satisfaction of labor is also a consideration of whether it is a suitable management style for a creative firm or not.Since Singh (2001) claims that a controlling style of management will lead the employees bein g passive. In order to control those passive employees, a more constricted control is needed. In this negative circle, a high labor turnover, low-morale, arguments or disagreements, low efficiency and poor sense of belonging to the company will be occurred. Singh gives an example that the managers from Mainland China applied an authoritarian management style and lead to the negative impacts mentioned above.In a conclusion, an unsuitable management style in a creative firm will conduct a huge negative impact to the industries. Section Three Alternatives and comparisons Management style plays such an important role in creative firms, how to pick a suitable management style should be the most difficult question to the senior managers in those creative industries. The information given above is a simple guideline to pick a appropriate management style since it mentions the management styles using in different kind of creative industries, some of them are famous all over the world.In add ition, it provides a wide range of benefits of different management styles and the conditions of using them. Actually, the management style that is suitable for a creative firm can be mainly divided into two big groups, one of them is democratic, and another one is Laissez-faire. These two management styles are quite similar to each other by the information provided in section one and two. The huge difference between these two is that democratic is described as more tructural and formal; on the other hand, Laissez-faire contains more freedom for workers and the structure of the company is more like an individual work force. Bilton (2007, p. 67) states that the management style in creative industries is similar to a ‘non-management’ management style, which means the managers are almost invisible in the management; however, the employees can still contribute a lot to the creative firm. The managers would not set the deadline of the products and the employees can finish th eir works a relaxing and creative way.Therefore, the products can be created in a high quality. Take Google as an example, the employees in Google are encouraged to do their creative pursuits and Google will even provide 20 percent of the workweek to them (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2009). Compared with Laissez-faire, the management style inside Google is more like a democratic management. It seems that the founders of Google treat the employees as a kind of resources more than contributors to the company. The reason of claiming that is due to the strategic approach to managing the employees.It might seem like Google already has had a plan to deal with the employees. On the other hand, the real example of Laissez-faire is hardly found. It might be because the over freedom of management style cannot give the board of directors confidence of making profits; since the manufacturing of innovation and new creation is not secured under Laissez-faire. In addition, it is tough to get the investments from the investment banks or investors because the managers are not able to give a warranty of making a brisk sale product. As a result, Laissez-faire is hardly appearing in the modern creative economy.Stewart (2011) also suggests this idea and she gives a significant example of the failure of Laissez-faire in her journal. Conclusion To conclude, the management style does play an important role in creative economy and it is also a critical factor that can lead the industries to be successful or failing. By the examples given in section one, two management styles are mainly applied in creative economy, which is democratic and Laissez-faire. The reasons can be found in section two, one significant reason is that these two management styles can provide employees a better orking place that can stimulate their creativities and generating new ideas. In addition, a new and suitable management style can prevent the labor turnover since employees’ satifactions are fulfille d; also it can avoid the restriction of creating new ideas. Finally, in the modern creative economy, democratic management is mainly used. It is because the creation of products or services is more secured when comparing with Laissez-faire. Also, democratic management can give the board of directors more confidence and the investment banks as well.Therefore the creative industries can more easily apply the investment from the investors. Management style is an essential part on developing creative economy and has a significant impact on it. Reference Page Bilton, C. (2007) Management And Creativity: From Creative Industries to Creative Management, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd Bamfield, P. (2006) Research And Development in the Chemical And Pharmaceutical Industry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. Davila T. , Epstein M. J. , Shelton R. (2007), The Creative Enterprise: Execution, Westport: Praeger Publisher Foote C.S. (2001), The Creative Business Guide to Running a Graphic De sign Business, New York: Creative Business newsletter. Jackson, S. E. , Schuler, R. S. , Werner, S. (2009), Managing Human Resources, Mason: South-Western, Cengage Learning Singh, A. (2001), Creative Systems in Structural and Construction Engineering, Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema Howkins, J. (2001), The Creative Economy: How People Make Money From Ideas, Penguin CNN Money (2011), 100 Best Companies to work for, [online] Available at: < http://money. nn. com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2011/full_list/> [Accessed 13 May 2012] DCMS (2010), Creative Industries Economic Estimates, London, UK: Department of Culture, Media and Sport, retrieved 9 December 2010 Stewart, H. (2011), Laissez-faire has failed us. Now we're getting panicky intervention. Guardian Observer, [online] 27 November 2011. Available at: ; http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2011/nov/27/laissez-faire-failed-panicky-intervention; [Accessed 14 May 2012]

The Cocktail Waitress, James Spradley And Brenda Mann Essay

Historically, anthropologists have focused their research on foreign cultures, often considered exotic to westerners. Yet, globalization has created a continuously shrinking world and is increasingly providing sovereignty for developing nations, which may impede research opportunities for modern anthropologists. In their book, â€Å"The Cocktail Waitress,† James Spradley and Brenda Mann explained how this semi-recent issue threatens trust and acceptance in these foreign communities and obstructs unique opportunities and research funding. Luckily, there are countless subcultures in America’s back yard, in which most are eternally evolving, providing a multitude of research opportunities for anthropologists. Alcohol establishments are home to a plethora of subcultures that display clashing and harmonious interactions enjoyable for even the untrained human observers. Noticeably, bars contain the local regulars, occasional boozers, business men, college students, and multip le others, all there for a common goal, leisure. Whether the responsible sober driver, moderate drinker, or completely inebriated, every patron has exchanged workday courtesies for uninhibited behaviors. Additionally, lounges often exhibit social interactions between men and women which provide ethnographers opportunity to study the cultural roles considered masculine or feminine within our society and subcultures. Formerly, women employed in alcohol establishments were prohibited from managerial, bar keeping, or

Where is Robin Hood Disparity of Incomes - 1976 Words

Tell me where you were born and Ill tell you your future. This is the harsh reality facing the vast majority of the worlds population, particularly in developing countries where the concentration of wealth is striking! Take Bangladesh (8th most populous country on earth) for example, with a population half that of the United States but a GDP(Gross Domestic Product) that is 141 times smaller and that gap is only getting bigger. This is not the only problem however, even scarier is the growing disparity of income within countries themselves. Brazil is perhaps a model example of such disparity; being home to some of the poorest as well as the richest people in the world. Its no secret either, the segregation between the rich and the poor†¦show more content†¦A recent study of children in the United kingdom revealed that those who came from families receiving governmental aid differed greatly from the rest of the population. According to the study, the less fortunate children gave less of an importance to school than others, rebelled more, were bullied more often, had higher dropout rates and had much lower expectations for their future (Tess Ridge). A number of factors are to blame for the af ore mentioned results; first off, children, willing or not, usually follow in the footsteps of their parents. Furthermore, parental involvement in scholastics is feeble at best in most cases whether it is due to loack of time or care the effects remain the same: children dont have enough guidance or motivation to make an effort in their academics. Education is but one of the many aspects of society under heavy fire yet it renders societies incapable of any income mobility whatsoever. Even more restrictive to income mobility in society is the reality of intergenerational inequality: fortune but most often misfortune of income passed down from generation to generation. The scary thing about this term is that it is the case for most families around the world and creates a vicious circle whereby noone can get out of the horrors of poverty and the rich can only get richer. Imagine global income as aShow MoreRelatedThe State Of The Texas Education System1245 Words   |  5 Pagesof Texas students. How has the Texas education system replaced? Public education in the Texas has played a major role in shaping society. The schools and parents in low income areas have often assumed the position of social fears. This relationship of education to the views of Texas society is prevalent throughout the low income areas, thoughtful, and complex. One principle that Texas have had problems coping with, it is the concept of equality. Equality of opportunity means that no one should beRead MoreNew Era Of American Prosperity Essay1881 Words   |  8 Pagespostsecondary education as a means to success. 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What Everybody Is Saying About Literary Essay Body Paragraphs Samples

What Everybody Is Saying About Literary Essay Body Paragraphs Samples The Literary Essay Body Paragraphs Samples Cover Up Each paragraph should include certain examples and direct quotes from the job of literature you're discussing. The subject of a post determines the points that'll be used. Revision provides you the opportunity to check whether the guide is in accordance with the literature essay writing guide assigned. Experts recommend to develop a great literary analysis essay outline if you prefer to comprehend how to compose a literary analysis of A-level. In case the topic selection gets difficult, you can make a literature essay topic list that will aid in settling on the most appropriate topic to tackle. In major research papers, there are dozens and dozens of body paragraphs. Think of what you could say for each heading and write it like a subtopic. You don't necessarily understand how you feel regarding a particular subject or topic and you allow research and your own direction to specify the outline. The Basic Facts of Literary Essay Body Paragraphs Samples All you need to do is contact us. Essentially, you are being requested to assess the cohesion of your paragraph. In addition, there are times when you truly feel like you don't wish to write anything. By way of example, imagine that you're continuing the Macbeth essay on manliness with the very first body paragraph. A thesis statement ought to be included in the very first paragraph that covers the writer's whole argument. It could be made of more than one sentence. A description might be merely a paragraph, or it may be longer, as needed to completely describe the thing. What to Do About Literary Essay Body Paragraphs Samples The overall statement will function as your guide throughout your essay. The conclusion is an official method of the way to end a literature essay. The decision of the essay ought to be firm and sum up the entire article. You may have an informal essay. however, it still should have a strong structure. Hence, it's wise to make an outline at first before you get started making your essay. Then write a strong thesis statement at the conclusion of your essay, be certain that your thesis identifies the point of your essay in a very clear and concise way. Grow the essay structure Essays have various structures. Don't forget that uncorrected writing may end up being very detrimental to your final GMAT essay scores. A mediocre essay can donate to rejection. Writing a satisfactory and readable essay is something that everybody would like to reach. Don't hesitate to browse the webpage and click on any individual download hyperlink button below a sample which you like. Keep in mind which you will want to support the thesis with appropriate evidence all through the text. Chemistry is a subject which, basically, supplies you with useful information concerning the different substances or kinds of materials which compose the physical world around us and the way in which they behave or react with one another. It's wrong to suppose that critical lens essays are wholly written in accordance with just 1 format or citation style. To be able to produce the thesis statement, you should first examine the list containing the many facets of comparison then decide whether the nurse practitioner admission essay samples have a tendency to be more similar or they're quite different. You should stick to a particular format. Your transitions have to be clear and logical. The body covers the majority of the report. It's therefore sensible to first study the prompt at length highlighting the crucial words to recognize the precise need. There are many areas that offer completely free samples that students may utilize to find a head begin on their essay. So far as sitting before my laptop computer the entire time wasn't an option, I started to hunt for some new experiences.

Csr in Apple Inc free essay sample

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been highly regarded by most corporations. However, the exact reason why corporations implement CSR initiatives is often very vague and confusing to others. This paper will explore in depth how international corporations are motivated to incorporate CSR into the business strategies and how they deal with it. Based on academic references, the report firstly outlined the CSR background as well as some theory and key debates about CSR. Then, the methodology was summarized. After that, the case study of Apple Inc.  was used to demonstrate the reasons for implementing CSR initiatives in depth. Following that, the types of dilemmas the company faced, the CSR approach and tactics it used were analyzed. Finally, a conclusion was drawn at the end of the paper. 2 CSR Background 2. 1 Definition of CSR In accordance with European Commission (2001), the modern corporate social responsibility (CSR) is â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. † However, there are some changes in the meaning and practice of CSR concept. (Lee, 2008) 2. 2 Evolution of CSR The roots of CSR concept can be traced to the 1930s. (Friedman and Miles, 2006) However, the modern CSR concept originated in the 1950s in the US, and came to be prevalent in the early 1970s. (Srivastava, 2012) In the 1950s, Bowen (1953) defined CSR as â€Å"the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our societyâ€Å". The CSR literature of the definition expanded significantly during the 1960s with Keith Davis’ definition of CSR as referring to â€Å"businessmen’s decisions and actions taken for reasons at least partially beyond the firm’s direct economic or technical interest. â€Å"(Davis, 1960) Meanwhile, McGuire (1963) stated that corporations have certain responsibilities to society which extend beyond economic and legal obligations. Business and social interest came closer and firms became more responsive to their stakeholders in the 1970s and 1980s. The 1970s was the decade in which CSR, responsiveness and performance became the center of discussions (Carroll, 2010), while the focus became fostering ethical corporate cultures in the 1980s. (Frederick, 2008) From the 1990s, CSR became almost universally approved and was coupled with strategy literature. Also, the importance of CSR is definitively realized. (Moura-Leite, 2011) 2. 3 Emergence of CSR CSR tends to be a strategy to face the threats of some global issues such as scarce resources, poverty and inequity, global warming and pollution while promoting the development of organizations. According to Wilson (2003), the implement of CSR initiatives leads to corporate sustainability. Also, the enhanced corporation reputation and global image earned from the implement of CSR activities provide organizations with an economic thrust to embrace the whole corporate sustainability trend as a strategic management model. (Dodiya, 2011) Due to these benefits, CSR has continued to grow in importance and emergence over the decades. 3 Literature Review 3. 1 Carrolls CSR Pyramid Carolls CSR Pyramid is the most well-known and widely used model of CSR. Carrolls CSR Pyramid, Sourced From Carroll (1996) According to Carroll (1996), a firm has the following four categories of obligations of corporate performance. First and foremost, due to the dimension of philanthropic responsibilities, corporate should contribute to the community and improve the quality of life with the ultimate goal of being a good citizen. Secondly, ethical responsibilities are norms which the society expects the business to be ethical, avoid harm and do what is right. The third is legal responsibilities, the key of which is to obey the law. The fourth is economic responsibilities which mean the primary responsibility of economic entities such as corporations is to satisfy economic needs of the society and generation of surplus for rewarding the investors and further expansion and diversification. (Srivastava, 2012) 3. 2 Purpose of the firm and how that shapes views on CSR There are mainly three competing approaches about the purpose of the modern corporate. Each provides a framework for evaluating policies, corporate governance procedures, as well as the economic and social performance of business. The ? rst, shareholder approach, focus on the ? rm’s purpose of increase its profits while minimizing the importance of its other roles in society. (Quazi and O’Brien 2000) [pic] Fig. 2 Stakeholder Map, Sourced From: http://stakeholderengagementnz. wordpress. com/tag/stakeholder-map/ As can be seen from figure. The second approach theory which is named as stakeholder approach, broadens the  Ã‚  perspective, recognizing the importance of both creating profits and any group or individual who can affect, or is affected by, the achievement of the organizations objectives† (Freeman, 1984) The stakeholder includes shareholders, creditors, employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, and local communities and impact on society at large. The third is social approach, which operated by public consent to â€Å"serve constructively the needs of society† (CED 1971). 3. 3 Arguments for and against CSR 3. 3. 1 Arguments Against Friedman (1970) held that management has one responsibility and that is to maximize the profits of its shareholders. He placed three arguments. The first argument was that Only human beings have a moral responsibility for their actions. He claimed that only human beings can be morally responsible for their actions, corporations are not human beings, therefore cannot be morally responsible for their actions. Since corporations are set up by human beings, it is them who can assume responsibilities for the actions of the corporations. His second argument was that it is the manager’s responsibility to act solely in the interests of shareholders. Here the interests of the shareholders should be profit making. If the manager acts for any other purpose, he is betraying his employer. His third argument was that corporate had no need to deal with social issues since its the job of governments. A second objection to CSR was that it diluted corporates’ primary purpose. The adoption of CSR would put business into efforts unrelated to their proper aim (Hayek 1969). A third argument against CSR was that there was no need to wield social power since business has enough power. It should be noted that the positions present here were applied decades ago, when the idea was narrowly conceived. 3. 3. 2 Arguments For The argument for CSR begin with the belief that it is in business’s long-term self-interest to be socially responsible. (Carroll, 2010) This view holds that, if business is to have a healthy climate in which to function in the future, it must take actions now that will ensure its long-term viability. Carroll and Buchholtz (2009) stated that acting beforehand is more practical and costs less money than simply reacting to social problems. Since pro-acting is better than reacting, adopting CSR initiatives can be beneficial. Another moral argument in favor of CSR is that powerful corporate should be engaged in social issues since their access to significant resources should be used responsibly. (Davis 1973) Besides, brand differentiation was one of the primary reasons companies embraced CSR from the past which means CSR activities enhance corporate reputation (Aswathappa, 2008) Two additional arguments in favor of CSR include that CSR initiatives help corporates to draw employee attraction. Finally, it has been argued that corporate have a duty to take the publics interests and goals into account based on the theory of stakeholders approach which may avoid boycotts and satisfy customers. (Aswathappa, 2008) 3. 3. 3 Summary of the key debates These arguments for and against CSR leave the legitimate perspective that there are, indeed, two sides of the arguments to CSR. However, nowadays, the public believes that, corporate should take the responsibilities of the employees, communities and other stakeholders, in addition to pursuing profits. (Bernstein, 2000) 4 Methodology The analysis was based on exhaustive literature survey regarding the topic and related concepts as well as a case study for CSR issues at Apple Inc. In this paper, secondary sources were gathered to make the research more objective. â€Å"Secondary research is so called because the data come to research ‘second-hand’ (other people have compiled the data). † (Jobber, 2007) Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from various sources including academic journals, newspapers, periodicals, websites, industry reports and were well used for the purpose of study. A list of all the references is put at the end of the manuscript. Apples profile Apple Inc. (Apple) is a MNC deals with consumer electronics and software. It was founded on 1st April, 1976 by Steve Job and Steve Wozniak in California. By the year of 2011, Apple became the biggest MNC on both revenue and profit. At present, Apple owns more than 300 retail stores over 13 countries and an on-line store. 5. 2 Reasons to engage in CSR To protect the environment, health and safety of employees, customers, and the global communities while bringing the best personal digital experience through innovative products and services is the mission statement of the corporate. Thus, the reason why Apple adopts CSR is not simply for the pursuit for profits or reputation, but also for the protection of human rights and global communities, a part of which is to be engaged in the global issues including environmental protection, energy reduction as would be introduced below. 5. 3 CSR policies at Apple Inc. Apples CSR policies can be summarized from three main resources including the company code of conduct, the Apple supplier responsibility progress report and Apples on-line reports in respect with CSR. Apple’s company code of conduct, which deals with corporate governance, information disclosure, environmental health and safety, and procurement can be driven from Form 10-K, the annual report required by the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The Apple supplier responsibility (SRP) progress report include audit results of labor and human rights, worker health and safety, environmental impact, ethics, management systems. Apple insists that â€Å"suppliers provide safe working conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and use environmentally responsible manufacturing processes. The CSR website for Apple includes Apples actions and progress about CSR issues which include respects of energy reduction and the design of environmentally safe products (Apple CSR website) The details of the above CSR practices would be outlined in part 5. 6. 5. 4 Type of CSR approach taken by Apple Inc. From the mission statement above, it is not hard to judge that Apple takes the stakeholder approach, since it took not only the demand of the shareholders but also the demands of employees, customers, and the global communities. In this part, a summary would be put on how it keeps the promises. Firstly, Apple satisfies the demand of shareholders by increasing share price and profits. In 1997, Apple’s share price was $3. 30 while in 2013 its share price had risen to $417. 20. (Morningstar, 2013) For the past four years, Apple has earned first place among Fortune magazine’s World’s Most Admired Companies. As can be seen from figure 3, the revenue and share earning has been continuously growing in the last five years, which proves that the profits of Apples shareholders are promised. Secondly, Apple meet the customers needs with high quality products with a fair price while satisfying the employees with stable jobs and fair salary. Evidences show that by the year of 2012, 62000 jobs have been offered worldwide by Apple with higher than minimum wages of their countries and 60 working hours per week. Last but not least, Apple also takes its CSR of communities which includes the engagement with environmental issues. The highest standards of social responsibility across worldwide supply chain Apple adopted as well as its concern with the environmentally sound products commit its engagement in the environmental issues. (Apple SRP report, 2012) 5. 5 Key dilemmas within CSR challenges 5. 5. 1. Labor and human rights In May 2010, it was reported that several suicide cases occurred at one of Apple’s suppliers, Foxconn. And 13 workers had committed suicide from 2009 to 2010. (M. Moore, 2010) To the result of the investigation, the reason for the multiple suicides was related to the overrate working times. The weekly working hours of workers in Foxconn were up to 70 hours, ten hours above the maximum hours set by Apple’s Supplier Responsibility Report, 2010. In February 2011, another issue about the child labor occurred in Apples suppliers. (M. Moore, 2011) According to Apple’s SRP Report 2011, there were up to 91 underage workers at the suppliers. To deal up with these problems, Apple has signed the Supplier Code of Conduct with the suppliers about the working hours and workers human rights. However, since Apple makes sure that suppliers comply with the Supplier Code by conducting audits. (Apple SRP report, 2012) Theres possibility that similar issues still exit due to the quality of the audit. On the other hand, Apple set up a training program to prevent the hiring of child workers in addition to the regulations set by the code of conduct. However, since the child labour can easily be hidden by providing fake work schedule data, its difficult to solve the problem. What make things worse is the fact that many children in poor families are willing to do the work to make up for the living expense. 5. 5. 2. Workers’ health and safety Concerning workers’ health and safety conditions at the suppliers, in May 2010, The Guardian reported that workers from Wintek had been poisoned by n-hexane, a toxic chemical used to clean the touch screens of iPhones. The employees complained that the compensation Wintek offered for the health damage was not sufficient. However, the workers who did receive compensation were asked to resign from their jobs. Apple addressed the issue of the use ofn-hexane. Apple obliged Wintek to stop using n-hexane and required Wintek to repair its ventilation system and to work with a consultant to improve its environmental health and safety systems. (Apple SRP report 2011) However, one cannot deny that other issues of using poisonous chemicals may happen in the future since it is easy to be hidden in the process of manufacture. 5. 6 CSR tactics at Apple Inc. Apple has taken steps to become a greener company, such as reducing its environmental impact at its facilities. Sourced from Apple CSR Website: http://www. apple. com/environment One of the tactics Apple applied to reduce its impact on environment is to reduce energy use. Apples reduced energy use is due to the product design and the use of renewable energy. Apple designs the products as energy efficient as possible. In addition, Apple aims to power every facility at Apple entirely with energy from renewable sources including solar, wind, hydro, even if the fact that the investment is expensive. Since 2008, Apple has reduced the average power consumed by Apple products by 40 per cent. Another tactic Apple adopted for reducing environmental impact is the greenhouse gas emissions strategy. [pic] Fig. 5 Sourced from Apple Website: http://www. apple. com/environment Apple embraces the action for reducing greenhouse gas lease in the progresses of manufacturing, transportation, product use, facilities and recycling In effort to reduce its overall environmental impact, Apple also offers incentives such as transiting subsidies for employees who use public transportation in Mexico. In addition, Apple’s free buses powered by bio-diesel are severed between the Apple headquarters and the train station. These incentives reduce fuel costs for employees while contributing the environmental protection. Apart from the tactics on environmental issues, Apple is also running an ethical business by satisfying customers with high quality products, insisting highest standards of social responsibility, setting up codes to protect workers human rights, as has been analyzed in part 5. 3 and 5. 4. As the first technology company admitted to the Fair Labor Association, Apple is setting a new standard in transparency and oversight. (FLA, 2012) 6 Conclusion Bearing in mind the premise of CSR which is to treat the stakeholders in a manner deemed ethically acceptable in society (Dolida, 2011), it is inadequate for corporate to solely incorporate CSR for the purpose of increasing shareholders value. Furthermore, Wilson (2003) argues, in CSR debate, what is usually in question is not whether corporate managers have an obligation to consider the needs of society, but the extent to which they should consider these needs. Although Apple has made efforts for CSR practices, theres still something needs to be improved. From the analysis above, its not hard to see that Apple has contributed nothing to the poverty and inequity issues even if it has enough power to do so. Thus, its expected that Apple would be engaged in a wider range of global issues. As a conclusion, in this paper CSR is understood as corporates’ obligation to meet the interests of its stakeholders as well as to consider both social and environmental consequences of its business activities within the global economy. Accessed on 24 February 2012 Apple Supplier Responsibility Progress Report (2012) : www. apple. com/supplierresponsibility, accessed on 24 February 2012 Bernstein, A. 2000. Too much corporate power. Business Week, 11 September Bowen Howard. 1953. Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. New York: Harper and Row, Inc. Carroll B. Archie and Shabana M. Kareem. 2010. The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility. Academy of Management Journal, June, p. 312–322 Davis, K. 1960. Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities? California Management Review, 2, p. 70–76. Epstein-Reeves James. Six Reasons Companies Should Embrace CSR: http://www. forbes. com/sites/csr/2012/02/21/six-reasons-companies-should-embrace-csr/, accessed on 2 February 2012 European Commission. 2011-14. Communication from the Commission to the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the regions: A renewed EU strategy for Corporate Social Responsibility, COM (2011) 681 final, p. 6. Fair Labor Association, 13 January 2012:

Killing and Letting Die free essay sample

Foot’s calculated article entitled, ‘Killing and Letting Die’ is one which provides arguments through hypothetical situation’s, discrediting opinions and beliefs of other modern philosophers. Its main cause is to locate moral differentiation between the active taking of life versus allowing death to occur by means of not producing assistance. Afterwards Foot applies these beliefs onto the sub-topic of abortion, highlighting flawed examples of pro-abortion arguments she then counters these with her own strong outlooks. In this critical report I intend to analyse the relevance and application of Foot’s arguments highlighting both strengths and weaknesses in Foot’s judgements. Foot opens by expressing that in specific circumstances, for instance our negligence to end third world starvation as opposed to the giving of poisoned food to these starving individuals, our moral agency has a role. This is a sound argument, we have sufficient resources to end starvation with little if any detriment to ourselves yet we fail to provide. We will write a custom essay sample on Killing and Letting Die or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This failure is just as morally wrong as providing poisoned food. This is not to say Foot believes killing and allowing to die are the same. It is merely her belief in this particular circumstance that they are not morally dissimilar. Proceeding this is a hypothetical proposal of two circumstances: One, in which 6 individuals are reliant on the intake of a certain rare drug. One individual requires the full quota of this specific medification in order to live, thus the other five would not receive the drug and would consequentially die. It is therefore clear to Foot that the five should receive the drug and regrettably allow this individual to die. The other, where five persons require organs and to save their life one patient is killed to obtain these for the five in need. The clear moral distinction between these two is the role played by moral agency. We play our part as an ‘agent’ in the death of a person whereas in the other we cannot be held responsible for the eventual outcome- being his death. It is our active involvement in the case of ‘the killing for spare parts’ which is denounced as morally wrong by Foot, whereas in the case of providing the medicine at a lower quantity to the five patients rather than all the medicine to the one patient; we are not an agent in the death as the resources were insufficient to keep the individual alive. Thus Foot concludes a morally justified stance is adopted. This point is further continued in Foot’s ‘Rescue I’ and ‘Rescue II’ cases she offers. Rescue I involves a rescue team hurrying to save five persons from drowning before the receive news of one person threatened by some other happening, they choose to continue to save the five and regretfully allow him to die. This is then contrasted with the hypothetical situation of Rescue 2. Rescue 2, the rescue team are on their way to save the five from drowning when blocking their road is an individual trapped on their route. To continue and save the five the team would have to drive over the individual resulting in certain death. Foot progresses this point by stating, â€Å"We cannot originate a fatal sequence, although we can allow one to run its course. † It is therefore apparent Foot is establishing her stance as against the idea killing and allowing to die are morally divergent. This stance though can be countered with an example proposed by James Rachels which is recognised by Foot. In the first case, a child is intentionally held underwater in the bath until they drown. And in the second an individual see’s the child slip and fall underwater, whilst the child drowns they do nothing. Foot accepts that both are morally wrong however she provides weak and incoherent reasoning for her contradiction. Resorting to an argument involving ‘levels of badness’, as if an untoward deed can be rated on a scale. It is ludicrous to suggest any act of malicious or evil intent can be inferior to another simply because of the outcome. Also Foot suggests that because the two cases differ in their acts, the result cannot be known to be the same. Foot’s established beliefs are then applied to the sub-topic of abortion, and if there are any situations it is morally justifiable to abort a foetus. Foot introduces an argument voiced by Thomson in favour of abortion. Thomson’s belief is that abortion is always morally justifiable as no human being has the right to use of another’s body, therefore the foetus’ rights are waived and the mother’s rights to remove the foetus as a hindrance take precedence. Foot recites Thomson’s flawed example of an dangerously ill individual being hooked to the body of another person without consent in order to survive being similar to that of a pregnant woman. She continues to say if the unconsenting person detaches himself he is not a murderer as the ill person is proving an inconvenience to them. Foot breaks down this argument by showing there is an intrinsic difference between instigating a fatality and not providing the means to continue life. Foot finds that the language used to describe failing to provide the means to survive does not serve purposes of this argument. Foot indicates the word ‘kill’ is unimportant and it is infact the outcome of death is not instigated by an agent it is otherwise allowed to take place. This is relative to the act of abortion as Foot suggests the foetus is dependant on its mother in the same way children depend on their parent’s for food and shelter. Thus Foot hints that the previous suggestions by Thomson are horrendously faulty, by denouncing her comment that a mother’s rights override a foetus’ rights as it hinders her life. Surely this is saying that if an alive child is proving a encumbrance to it’s parents lives it is morally justifiable that they terminate its life. Foot correctly highlights that the arguments hinges upon the audiences perception of a foetus’ moral status. Be it as a human being or otherwise. Foot proclaims that if the foetus should be considered a human being then Thomson’s argument is as similar to ‘the killing of the man for spare parts’. Concluding that the foetus’ status remains at the core of justifying the opposition or support of abortion as an act.